Geography

Manufacturing means converting raw materials into goods of higher value, so every industry needs some raw material – A is true.
Resources (land, water, food, minerals) are indeed essential for human survival – R is true.
But R talks about human survival in general; it does not tell us why industries depend on raw materials. So R is not the explanation of A.
Tip: in A-R questions always ask 'does R answer the WHY of A?'.

i is true – early humans used minerals (flint, copper, bronze, iron) for tools and weapons.
iii is true – mining grew in importance only after the Industrial Revolution created huge demand.
iv is true – minerals are found through stages: surveying, exploration, testing, then extraction.
ii is false – many developed countries have actually reduced mining because it is costly and labour-heavy; they import minerals instead.

Quaternary activities are knowledge-based: collection, production and spreading of information, research and development (R&D), consultancy, IT, etc.
(A) is primary, (B) is secondary, (D) describes tertiary services in general.

Approximate longitudes: Aden (Yemen) ≈ 45°E, Mumbai ≈ 73°E, Beijing ≈ 116°E, Tokyo ≈ 140°E.
Increasing east longitude = moving west to east, so the order is iii, iv, i, ii.

Entrepot ports are collection centres: goods from different countries are brought there and then re-exported. Examples: Singapore (for Asia), Rotterdam (for Europe), Copenhagen (Baltic).
Outports are deep-water ports built away from the main port; packet stations (ferry ports) carry passengers and mail across short distances.

Go up the west coast: Kochi (Kerala, ≈10°N) → Mangaluru (Karnataka, ≈13°N) → Mumbai (Maharashtra, ≈19°N) → Koyali near Vadodara (Gujarat, ≈22°N).
So the order is ii, iv, i, iii.

Stage I of the Indira Gandhi Canal command area covers Ganganagar, Hanumangarh and the northern part of Bikaner district – gently undulating land, irrigated from the early 1960s.
Stage II (Jaisalmer, Barmer, Jodhpur etc.) came later.

GAIL was set up in 1984 as a public sector company to transport, process and market natural gas (for example through the HVJ – Hazira-Vijaipur-Jagdishpur pipeline).

A is true – about 95% of India's foreign trade by volume moves by sea through ports.
R is false – the west coast (Kandla/Deendayal, Mumbai, JNPT, Mormugao, New Mangaluru, Kochi) has more major ports than the east coast.

Swachh Bharat Mission was launched by the Government of India (2014) as part of the urban renewal effort; its aim is cleanliness, toilets and waste management, which improves living conditions in slums.
Statement iii (greenery) is not its objective – greening is covered by other programmes.

The loudness of sound/noise pollution is measured in decibels (dB). Sound above about 80–90 dB for long periods is harmful.

Jhabua (Madhya Pradesh) is a Bhil-dominated district where watershed projects reversed land degradation – correct pair.
Gaddis live in Bharmaur (Himachal), not Daurala; Daurala (Meerut) is a case of groundwater pollution; Dharavi is known as a slum with dilapidated houses. So B, C, D are mismatched.

NCERT classifies wastelands caused by human action as: degraded shifting-cultivation areas, degraded land under plantation crops, degraded forests, degraded pastures, mining wastelands.
Bhabar areas, coastal sands, gullied land etc. are natural wastelands. So i and iii.

UN estimates quoted in NCERT: about two-thirds (≈68%) of the world's people will live in cities by 2050, which makes urban waste and pollution problems more serious.

High-HDI countries spend more on people – education, health, social welfare – which raises all three HDI dimensions (health, education, access to resources).

The note says medium-HDI countries are improving quickly by adopting people-oriented policies and reducing social discrimination – i.e. society-oriented policies.

Medium category: 0.550 to 0.699.
Range = 0.699 − 0.550 = 0.149.

(18.1) Trade liberalisation = allowing free trade by bringing down barriers such as tariffs and quotas, so foreign goods and services can compete with domestic ones.
(18.2) They have been harmed: developed countries do not give a fair, equal playing field and impose terms that are unfavourable to developing nations.
(18.3) Any two: (i) keep their own markets protected from foreign products where needed; (ii) stay alert to dumping – goods sold below cost that ruin local producers (use anti-dumping duties); (iii) negotiate fairer terms through WTO/regional blocs.

(19.1) The line runs east–west across the southern part of Australia.
(19.2) As per the official answer key: A = Forrest (on the Nullarbor stretch between Kalgoorlie and Port Augusta), B = Roto (between Broken Hill and Parkes in New South Wales).
(19.3) Western terminal: Perth (west coast); eastern terminal: Sydney (east coast).
Remember the route: Perth – Kalgoorlie – Port Augusta – Broken Hill – Sydney.

1. Nature and human beings are inseparable parts of one whole, so human geography studies them together (holistically).
2. We describe physical features with terms from the human body – the face of the earth, eye of a storm, mouth of a river, snout of a glacier, neck of an isthmus.
3. Likewise human-made features are described as if natural – regions, villages and towns as 'organisms', and road, rail and water networks as 'arteries of circulation'.
(Any three points, 1 mark each.)

1. With better technology people use the resources of their environment to create possibilities (possibilism).
2. Humans move from a stage of necessity (dependence on nature) to a stage of freedom.
3. Human activity produces a cultural landscape – nature is humanised.
4. Examples of these imprints: health resorts in highlands, large urban sprawls, fields, orchards and pastures in plains, ports on coasts, sea routes on oceans and satellites in space.
(Any three points.)

1. Rural marketing centres serve nearby villages and offer only the most basic type of trade; urban marketing centres offer much more specialised services.
2. Personal and professional services (doctors, lawyers, banks) are poorly developed in rural centres but well developed in urban centres.
3. Rural areas depend mostly on periodic markets – weekly haats/bazaars; towns have weekly markets as well as permanent organised markets and malls.
4. Rural mandis often work as both wholesale and retail markets for local produce; urban markets sell manufactured goods and have specialised markets (e.g. markets for labour, housing, semi-finished and finished goods).
(Any three differences.)

1. Sustainable development means growth that also protects the environment and keeps resources for future generations.
2. Conventional sources (coal, petroleum) are exhaustible and their use creates huge waste and pollution (smoke, greenhouse gases).
3. Non-conventional sources – solar (Rajasthan, Gujarat solar parks), wind (Tamil Nadu, Gujarat), tidal/wave, geothermal (Manikaran, Puga valley), biomass – are renewable and inexhaustible.
4. They are clean and, over time, cost-effective; they cut India's large bill for importing petroleum.
(Any three points.)

(23.1) Look at the last column – the largest value is 46.14% in 1981.
(23.2) Urban population rose every census: from about 7.9 crore (17.97% of the population) in 1961 to about 37.7 crore (31.16%) in 2011 – almost a fivefold increase, showing steady urbanisation.
(23.3) The number of towns/UAs increased every decade, from 2,365 in 1961 to 6,171 in 2011 (about 2.6 times). The biggest jump was 1981–1991 (+1,311 towns), due to industrialisation and growth of services.

Definitions (1 + 1):
Immigration: people who move into a new place are immigrants; the process is immigration.
Emigration: people who move out of a place are emigrants; the process is emigration.
Demographic Transition Theory (any three points):
1. It can describe and predict the future population of any area.
2. As a society changes from rural, agrarian and illiterate to urban, industrial and literate, population shifts from high births/high deaths to low births/low deaths.
3. Stage I – high fertility and high mortality; growth is slow because of epidemics and unreliable food supply; people are mostly illiterate farmers.
4. Stage II – fertility stays high at first and then falls; mortality drops quickly with better sanitation and health care, so the gap is wide and population grows fast.
5. Stage III – both fertility and mortality are low; population becomes stable or grows slowly; people are urban, literate and use family planning.

1. Industries need speedy and efficient transport to bring raw materials to the factory and to send finished goods to markets.
2. Where transport cost is low, industries tend to concentrate (e.g. near ports, rail junctions).
3. Western Europe and eastern North America have highly developed road, rail and waterway networks, which has always attracted heavy concentration of industry there.
4. Modern industry is inseparably tied to transport systems – without them, no assembly line or distribution is possible.
5. Improvement in transport led to integrated economic development and regional specialisation in manufacturing.
(Any five points.)

1. Dairy farming is the most advanced and efficient type of rearing milch animals.
2. Towns and industrial centres provide a nearby market for fresh milk and dairy products, which are perishable.
3. Transport, refrigeration, pasteurisation and other preservation methods are easily available near urban areas, increasing the life of dairy products.
4. It is highly capital intensive (animal sheds, fodder storage, feeding and milking machines) and labour intensive (feeding and milking, no off-season).
5. Stress is laid on cattle breeding, health care and veterinary services, which are available near cities.
Examples: North-Western Europe, Canada, north-eastern USA, south-eastern Australia, New Zealand and Tasmania.
(Any five points.)

Meaning (1): Target area planning is the approach of reducing regional imbalance by concentrating on the resource base of economically backward regions.
Need (any four):
1. A region's development depends on its resources and technology; yet some resource-rich regions remained backward.
2. Regional imbalances in economic development were getting worse over the plans.
3. To check the rise of regional and social disparities, the Planning Commission introduced 'target area' and 'target group' approaches.
4. Examples of target area programmes: Command Area Development Programme, Drought Prone Areas Programme, Desert Development Programme, Hill Area Development Programme.
5. In the 8th Five Year Plan special area programmes were designed to build infrastructure in hill areas, north-eastern states, tribal and backward areas.

Meaning (1): Regional planning is planning done to reduce imbalances in development between regions.
Outcomes of ITDP (1970s) in the Gaddi tribal area of Bharmaur, Chamba (any four):
1. Infrastructure developed – schools, health care facilities, potable water.
2. Roads and communication improved.
3. Electricity became available.
4. Literacy rose sharply, especially female literacy.
5. Sex ratio improved and child marriage declined.
6. Gender inequality reduced.
7. Cultivation of pulses and other cash crops increased (though pastoralism declined).

1. Indian Railways is one of the longest rail networks in the world, connecting all parts of the country.
2. Conversion of metre and narrow gauge to broad gauge and replacing steam engines with diesel and electric ones raised speed and haulage capacity.
3. Metro rail has revolutionised urban transport, moving lakhs of commuters quickly and raising their work efficiency.
4. Since colonial times railways linked raw-material areas, plantations, hill stations, ports and cantonments; after independence routes were extended to other regions.
5. The Konkan Railway along the west coast gave a direct link between Mumbai and Mangaluru across difficult terrain.
6. Railways remain the main carrier of the masses and of bulk goods like coal, iron ore, food grains and cement – supporting industry and agriculture.
(Any five points.)

1. Since independence the number and capacity of Indian ports have grown steadily (12 major and about 200 minor ports).
2. They handle large volumes of both coastal (domestic) and overseas trade – most of India's foreign trade moves through them.
3. Most ports now have modern infrastructure – mechanised cargo handling, container terminals.
4. Earlier development and modernisation was the government's job; now private entrepreneurs have been invited to bring the ports to international standards.
5. Cargo handling capacity has grown more than forty times, from about 20 million tonnes in 1951 to over 837 million tonnes in 2016.
(Any five points.)

1. The National Youth Policy was launched in February 2014 (revising the earlier 2003 policy).
2. It aims to give proper education to adolescents so that their talents are channelised and properly used.
3. It puts forward a holistic 'vision' for the youth of India.
4. Its goal is to empower young people to achieve their full potential and, through them, help India find its rightful place among nations.
5. It is supported by the National Policy on Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (2015), an umbrella framework for all skilling activities.
Evaluation: it addresses the large adolescent population (about one-fifth of India) and their challenges like dropouts, drug abuse and low nutrition.
(Any five points.)

1. Give proper and good quality education to adolescents.
2. Identify and channelise their talents properly.
3. Implement skill development programmes effectively.
4. Encourage entrepreneurship and self-employment among youth.
5. Root out social evils such as drug abuse, alcoholism, juvenile delinquency and crime through awareness and counselling.
6. Help young people overcome physical and mental disabilities.
7. Tackle problems like low age at marriage, female illiteracy, school dropouts, poor nutrition, high maternal mortality of adolescent mothers and HIV/AIDS.
(Any five measures.)

A: Cape Town (South Africa) – major sea port at the Cape of Good Hope.
B: Darwin – airport on the north coast of Australia.
C: Panama Canal – links the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
D: Arabian Peninsula – nomadic herding of camels, goats and sheep in deserts.
E: Argentina/Uruguay (Pampas) – commercial livestock ranching.
F: Downs of south-east Australia – extensive commercial wheat farming.
G: Eastern North America – mixed farming (crops + livestock).
(Any five, 1 mark each.)

30.1 Arunachal Pradesh – 17 persons/km² (Census 2011), the lowest of all states; mark it in the north-east.
30.2 Uttar Pradesh – largest producer of sugarcane.
30.3 Kandla (Deendayal Port) on the Gulf of Kachchh.
30.4 Hazaribagh or Singhbhum (Jharkhand) – copper.
30.5 Balaghat (Madhya Pradesh) – manganese.
30.6 Ratnagiri or Chandrapur (Maharashtra) – iron ore.
30.7 Bengaluru – Kempegowda International Airport.
Use a proper symbol (dot/triangle) and write the name clearly.