Geography (Theory) (Term II)

Write any two points, each explained (1 + 1):
1. A market for the manufactured goods is the single most important factor deciding where an industry is located – goods are made to be sold.
2. 'Market' means people who need the goods AND have the purchasing power to buy them.
3. Remote areas with few people offer only small markets, so industries avoid them; densely populated, high-income regions (e.g. Western Europe, north-eastern USA) are large markets.
4. A good transport system links the factory with its market and widens the area it can serve.
Tip: always add the 'purchasing power' idea – demand alone is not a market.

Answer as a whole (2 marks):
1. Production in the tertiary sector means providing services that are consumed (e.g. a doctor's treatment, a teacher's lesson); this output is measured indirectly through wages and salaries.
2. Exchange means trade, transport and communication, which are used to overcome distance between producer and consumer.
3. So tertiary activities give a commercial output of services, not tangible goods; they do not directly process physical raw materials.
Example: a plumber, lawyer or shopkeeper – none of them makes a physical product, yet each provides a service for payment.

Any four points, ½ mark each:
1. Extent: Chhotanagpur plateau (Jharkhand), Odisha plateau, West Bengal and parts of Chhattisgarh.
2. It has a great variety of minerals.
3. Main minerals: iron ore, coal, manganese, bauxite and mica.
4. It holds huge deposits of the energy mineral coal (Damodar valley coalfields), which is why it supports heavy industries such as iron and steel.

Any four points, ½ mark each:
1. Extent: Karnataka, Goa and the adjoining Tamil Nadu uplands and Kerala.
2. Rich in ferrous metals and bauxite.
3. Has high-grade iron ore, manganese and limestone.
4. Kerala has deposits of monazite sands and thorium (atomic minerals).
Note: coal is almost absent here except Neyveli lignite – a useful extra point.

(4.1) 1 mark: Development is not only economic. It covers the well-being and living standard of people, access to health and education, equality of opportunity and political and civil rights – i.e. improvement of social as well as material well-being of everyone in society.
(4.2) 1 mark: Growth means a change in size/quantity (e.g. GNP rises) and can be positive or negative – it is value-neutral. Development means a qualitative change that is always positive (better life).
(4.3) 1 mark: Sustainable development looks after the ecological, social and economic sides of development today and calls for conserving resources so that future generations can also use them (Brundtland idea).

Any three points, 1 mark each:
1. It is a very large employer – about 250 million people work in it worldwide and it contributes a big share of the GDP of many countries.
2. Many local people are employed to provide accommodation, meals, transport, entertainment and special shops for tourists.
3. It boosts infrastructure (roads, airports, hotels), retail trade and craft industries (souvenirs, handicrafts).
4. It has many forms – adventure, medical, historical, religious, cultural and climate-based tourism – so it attracts visitors all year and everywhere (e.g. Mediterranean coast in summer, Alpine ski resorts in winter, Kerala for health tourism).
Tip: give at least one place-example to earn the 'with examples' credit.

Any three points, 1 mark each:
1. It supplies raw material to other industries – steel is used to make machines and capital goods that are used for further production.
2. It provides tools and equipment for other industries.
3. Example: railway tracks, coaches, ships, automobiles, bridges and buildings all need steel.
4. It is also called a heavy industry because it uses large quantities of bulky raw materials (iron ore, coking coal, limestone) and its products are heavy.
Common mistake: do not confuse 'basic' with 'small' or 'simple'; basic = forms the base for other industries.

Any three points, 1 mark each:
1. It applies intensive research and development (R&D) to make products of an advanced scientific and engineering nature.
2. Professional (white-collar) workers form a large share of the workforce.
3. These highly skilled specialists greatly outnumber the actual production (blue-collar) workers.
4. Examples: robotics on assembly lines, computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM), electronic control of smelting and refining, and constant development of new chemical and pharmaceutical products. Such industries cluster in technopolis regions like Silicon Valley (USA) and Bengaluru (India).

Any five points, 1 mark each:
1. Human beings pollute water through industrial, agricultural and cultural activities.
2. Industries produce undesirable products – industrial waste, polluted waste water, poisonous gases, chemical residues, heavy metals, dust and smoke.
3. Most industrial wastes are dumped into running water or lakes, so poisonous elements reach reservoirs, rivers and the sea (e.g. leather, paper, textile and chemical industries along the Ganga).
4. Chemicals used in modern agriculture – inorganic fertilisers, pesticides, herbicides – are washed into rivers and also seep into groundwater.
5. Cultural activities such as pilgrimages, religious fairs and tourism pollute water sources (e.g. Kumbh mela, immersion of idols).
6. Untreated urban sewage is another major source (Ganga and Yamuna are among the most polluted rivers).
Keep each point with an example for full marks.

Any five points, 1 mark each:
1. India has the second-largest road network in the world, about 54.8 lakh km long (NCERT figure).
2. Roads carry about 85% of passenger traffic and 70% of freight traffic every year.
3. For construction and maintenance, roads are classified as National Highways, State Highways, major district roads and rural roads.
4. National Highways are only about 2% of total road length but carry about 40% of road traffic.
5. State Highways form about 4% of the road length; district roads about 14%.
6. About 80% of total road length is rural roads (boosted by PMGSY).
7. Other roads include border roads (BRO) and international highways linking neighbouring countries.
Tip: quote percentages – they make the 'examine' answer convincing.

Definition (1 mark): When several places (nodes) are joined together by a series of routes (links) so as to form a pattern, it is called a transport network.
Features of road transport – any four, 1 mark each:
1. It is the most economical mode for short distances.
2. Road freight is gaining importance because it gives door-to-door service.
3. Quality of roads varies greatly between developed and developing countries/regions (e.g. high highway density in North America vs unmetalled roads in many poor regions).
4. Construction and maintenance of roads need heavy expenditure.
5. Roads can be built on different gradients and terrains where railways cannot go.
6. Roads suffer in bad weather (unmetalled roads become unusable in rains) and from traffic congestion in cities.

Definition (1 mark): Trans-continental railways run across a continent and join its two ends; they were built for economic and political reasons.
Features – any four, 1 mark each:
1. It is the major rail route of Russia, running from St Petersburg in the west to Vladivostok on the Pacific coast in the east, via Moscow, Ufa, Novosibirsk, Irkutsk, Chita and Khabarovsk.
2. It is the most important rail route in Asia.
3. It is the longest rail route in the world – about 9,332 km.
4. It is double-tracked and electrified.
5. It opened up the Asian part of Russia to western European markets; branch lines link it to Mongolia and China.

1 mark per correct location with name and symbol (any five):
(10.1) Koraput – southern Odisha (Panchpatmali bauxite area is also accepted for Odisha).
(10.2) Ratnagiri – south of Mumbai on the Konkan coast of Maharashtra.
(10.3) Mathura refinery – western Uttar Pradesh, south of Delhi on the Yamuna.
(10.4) Hazaribagh – north Jharkhand on the Chhotanagpur plateau.
(10.5) Silchar – southern Assam (Barak valley); the East-West Corridor runs from Porbandar (Gujarat) to Silchar.
(10.6) Chennai – east coast, Tamil Nadu; the Golden Quadrilateral joins Delhi–Kolkata–Chennai–Mumbai.
Tip: use a triangle/dot symbol, label clearly and keep the name close to the point.